Managing Communications Knowledge and Information Assignment

Overseeing Communications Knowledge and Information - Assignment Example For better understanding and consolidation of choices inside the business, an association named Coral-Electronics has been set up. For building a fruitful retail business, numerous things are should have been investigated with the point of having a superior comprehension about economic situations just as settling on compelling choices. In this serious business world, economic situation is changing in a constant way and in like manner, an adjustment in economic situation will have an enormous contrast for the business to work. In this manner, it very well may be determined that as an electronic retail association, the organization needs to consolidate and normally update its data and information for sequential improvement in choice methodology of the business. Then again, Coral-Electronics is expected to have a comprehension about its market rivals and economic situations (Stucki, 2009). In this regard, advertise data is pivotal for the organization, as it needs to rivaling other exis ting organizations in the field of electronic market. Therefore, Coral-Electronics is expected to acquire satisfactory data and information about its rivals and market patterns, Coral-Electronics would ready to guarantee successful choices for the improvement just as development of the organization. What's more, Coral-Electronics consistently expected to have powerful data about the clients and market patterns. The organization with the help these data and information will be encouraged with the chance of performing tasks in a beneficial way.

Technology And Television Child Obesity Essays (803 words)

Innovation And Television: Child Obesity Innovation and Television: Child Obesity The offspring of today are getting increasingly large, for the way that they are acquiring lethargy. They are investing more energy before the TV then they are getting their day by day work out. Their developing bodies need exercise to lose child fat before it gets the chance to be a difficult issue. The development of innovation has framed a significant effect on the corpulence of the present kids. This innovation has subbed ordinary youth play practices with PC games that require less physical exertion. In view of innovation in the present society the issue with youngster heftiness has gotten enormously strengthened. To begin with, what is youngster weight? The term kid corpulence implies a ?youngster is an individual among birth and pubescence and hefty is incredibly fat: corpulent?(The American Heritage Dictionary 265,856). This infection is caused because of an absence of activity and over-eating by a youngster. Kid corpulence can cause numerous clinical issues for a kid that experiences such a malady. Obesty is a far reaching malady that is deteriorating as innovation increments. Moreover, clearly the absence of activity has a significant part to do with kid corpulence; researchers reprimand the TV for a substitute to open air sports. Children are investing more energy stare at the TV than they are doing physical exercises. ?The discoveries firmly bolster the thought that the most significant way of life factor in youth stoutness is TV watching?(Monmaney). The TV breathes life into the kid's creative mind, giving them diversion to manage without the running and practicing of outside games. The more TV a youngster watches the more corpulent the kid will get. Next, the issue is getting so wild that the administration will need to begin getting included. Satcher and Shirley Watkins, the undersecretary of agribusiness for food, nourishment and purchaser administrations said that, 'television expands corpulence, smothers imagination and abbreviates capacities to focus among youngsters' (Bauder). This is their explanation behind joining the crusade for a TV-Free America. It is evaluated that a hefty youngster watches a normal of four hours and nine minutes of TV every day. That is four hours that a youngster could be holding with their family or making a move in some physical action. Therefore, issue with kid corpulence begins as youthful as early stages. In the event that the youngster's folks don't pressure practice the kid will locate an elective method to involve their time. For instance, playing a game cartridge as opposed to shooting bands or flying a kite. The game cartridge furnishes inexpensive diversion with next to no wellness included. Ross Andersen prescribes that guardians discover options in contrast to sitting in front of the TV for their kids (Joseph). A parent should do anything conceivable to get their children from the TV. Ether by making day by day arrangements with coordinated interims constraining the measure of TV the youngster can watch or marking them up for YMCA sport exercises. Regardless of whether the parent has a bustling work routine, make time to profit the kid. In spite of the fact that, there are various measures of doctor prescribed medications for youngster heftiness, the side influences are unreasonably hazardous for the more youthful kid. The most straightforward approach to comprehend this notable infection is by halting the issue before it begins. ?'In the event that you can intercede with overweight kids before they are completely developed, you can frequently assist them with developing into their weight and keep them from turning out to be overweight grown-ups. Some overweight kids don't have to shed pounds as much as they have to put on weight at a more slow rate.'? (Discroll) Proceeding onward, a few youngsters don't have to get more fit, however need assistance developing into the weight they as of now have. They can utilize help to slow the rate at which they put on weight, making it simpler for them to develop into it. Also, the wellbeing hazard looked by youngsters with the sickness of kid stoutness is massive. ?In excess of 70 percent of all cases endure into adulthood?(Mellin). Stoutness during grown-up years is related with expanded paces of illnesses, for example, hyperinsulinemia, coronary illness, angina, atherosclerosis, different tumors, orthopedic issues, and gout alongside numerous other present moment and psychosocial results of corpulence in kids. In this manner, with the innovation in the present society the issue with kid corpulence has generally heightened. The administration of weight and overweight in kids is an

How Dopamine Controls the Brains Reward and Pleasure Centers

How Dopamine Controls the Brains Reward and Pleasure Centers Dopamine is one of the feel-good hormones. As defined by Encyclopedia Britannica, it’s“a nitrogen-containing  organic compound  formed as an intermediate  compound  from dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) during the metabolism of the  amino acid  tyrosine”.The major function of dopamine in our brain is that of a neurotransmitter in basal ganglia, corpus striatum and the substantia nigra.High levels of dopamine in your brain will make you feel pleased, happy, most importantly, rewarded for something you’ve accomplished.That’s why dopamine is often mentioned together with serotonin and oxytocin. All these chemicals have a positive effect on our mood and behavior.In this article, we’re going to discuss how dopamine controls the brain’s reward and pleasure centers.THE POSITION OF REWARD AND PLEASURE CENTERSPeople function on the basis of rewards, pleasures, inhibitions, fears, and interplays between these states of mind. The levels of chemicals inside our brain related to each o f these feelings vary due to different daily situations that we experience.What’s for sure is that a high level of dopamine is closely connected with rewards. To be more precise, every time when you’re expecting a reward for something you’ve done, the dopamine levels rise.This increase comes as a result of certain processes in the pleasure and reward centers in your brain.In a nutshell, the brain reacts in a certain way when it’s exposed to rewarding stimuli. These reactions lead to the increase of dopamine levels, which in turn causes feelings of satisfaction and happiness.The elements of the reward and pleasure systemWhat also plays an important role in the production of dopamine in the brain are two main dopamine pathways: the mesolimbic dopamine pathway and the mesocortical pathway. The former is the pivotal point in the entire brain reward system.At this point, it’s also important to highlight the functions of the nucleus accumbens and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) . The VTA is one of the key dopamine-producing parts of the brain. The nucleus accumbens, on the other hand, is one of the major centers for motivation and reward in our brain.The mesolimbic dopamine pathway goes from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens. Since it connects a dopamine-producing area with one of the reward centers, it’s one of the most important pathways for distribution of dopamine throughout the brain.On the other hand, the mesocorticaldopamine pathway leads from the VTA to the cerebral cortex. This area is also part of the reward system.In the study The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Reward, Edmund T. Rolls, PH. D, explains that the feelings of reward for pleasant tastes and smells are placed in this part of the cortex.To cut a long story short, two dopamine pathways, one dopamine-generating center and several areas that cause the feelings of reward and satisfaction make the reward and pleasure system in our brain.The reward stimuli and experimentsAlthough scientists knew for ages that people reacted to many stimuli in a conditioned way, it was only in the 1950s that they were able to prove that point.So, in 1954, psychologists James Milner and Peter Milner of McGill University conducted an experiment on rats in which they discovered the reward centers in the brain.They placed electrodes inside rats’ brains, after which they used a lever to create electrical stimuli inside the animals’ brains. Each time they would press the lever, the same area of the brain got stimulated. This was interpreted as the feeling of reward for their effort and success.The more time the lever was being pressed, the higher level of stimulation the rats would receive. In the notes from this experiment, it was written down that one rat got so hooked up on the stimuli and the feeling of reward for pressing the lever that this particular animal pressed it more than 7500 times.Since the rats in this experiment kept repeating the same action over and over again to stimulate t he same area in the brain, Milner and Old concluded that the animals were enjoying the entire process.Later on, other scientists took the plunge to additionally clarify the findings of these two scientists so there were some more detailed discoveries regarding the reward areas in the brain.To be more precise, scientists found that the area around the medial forebrain bundle is one of the most sensitive parts of the brain related to rewards and pleasure.A huge set of nerve fibers between the hypothalamus and the VTA, the medial forebrain bundle turned out to be so sensitive for the rats that they would rather keep pressing the lever than eat food. Due to its high sensitivity, this bundle generated a more pleasant feeling than a meal.In the video below you can see a concise presentation on the rewards system in our brain. THE MESOLIMBIC PATHWAYWe’ve already mentioned that the mesolimbic pathway connects the VTA and the nucleus accumbens. The former is located in the midbrain and the latter is placed in the ventral striatum in the forebrain.One of the dopaminergic pathways in the brain, this neurotransmitter highway produces and emits dopamine. The mesolimbic pathway consists of projection dopamine neurons, made of axons, which cover this entire pathway. The production of dopamine starts in the dopamine neurons, where dopamine-synthesizing enzymes are produced.These chemicals travel via axons to synapses, which is where the lion’s share of dopamine is synthesized.The mesolimbic pathway and motivationAs the dopamine is produced, it’s released into the nucleus accumbens. The level of dopamine in this pleasure and reward center regulates the level of motivation and desire for rewards in our brain.As such, it also plays a certain role in our subjective feeling of pleasure. Hence, when the level of dopamine is high in the nucleus accumbens, people feel satisfied, motivated and fulfilled.When they get the reward for something they’ve done, the dopamine level re mains high, extending the feeling of satisfaction and exaltation.The dysfunctionality of the mesolimbic pathwayApart from learning and motivational salience, the role of the mesolimbic pathway is to control fear and some other processes in the brain.All these feelings are in some way connected with the feelings of reward and pleasure. We all get accustomed to a certain level of dopamine in this part of the brain during our lifetime.Because of that, the dysfunctionality of the mesolimbic pathway and the subsequent decrease in the dopamine levels can force us to seek the feeling of reward from other sources.Simply put, when there’s not enough dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway, the brain tries to make up for the lack of this neurotransmitter and to stimulate the neurons responsible for pleasure and rewards.Since we need to be motivated to get things done and lead normal lives, when the centers for motivation and reward aren’t properly stimulated, it can lead to demotivation, depre ssion, and schizophrenia.You can read more about different levels of motivation in the article “Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Definition, Explained, Example” on our website.Further, when the production of dopamine and the functionality of the mesolimbic pathway are deregulated, people can develop addictions or other disorders.This is why people become addicted to gambling, drugs, sex, or any other activity that generates high dopamine levels and that intensive feeling of satisfaction and pleasure.Dopamine sends rewarding signalsHowever, it’s wrong to think that dopamine itself is addictive or that it can make you feel good on itself. Being a neurotransmitter, it rather signals that something pleasant is about to happen.In the article “No, Dopamine Is Not Addictive”, published on the Psychology Today website, clinical psychologist David Ley, Ph. D explains that dopamine is the announcer of the forthcoming pleasure. Also, it helps us learn and memorize things that cause ple asure and the release of rewarding chemicals in our brain.For instance, when you’re about to have your favorite meal, the dopamine levels increase because your brain remembers how pleasant it is to eat that particular food.In line with that, the mesolimbic pathway is here to inform all the areas situated next to it, as well as the nucleus accumbens that something good is going to happen to you soon.THE MESOCORTICAL PATHWAYThe second most important dopaminergic pathway in our brain, the mesocortical pathway leads from the ventral tegmental area in the midbrain to the prefrontal cortex.It delivers dopamine to the dorsolateral frontal cortex. This area of the brain plays a major role in emotional response, planning, abstract reasoning, motivation and cognitive flexibility and control, and other executive functions.Because of that, it’s extremely important that it’s connected with one of the four dopaminergic pathways.Being connected with the midbrain centers related to stimuli an d rewards, the prefrontal cortex is regularly fed with the chemical information related to these feelings.The malfunctioned mesocortical pathwayIf we suffer from schizophrenia, psychoses, or anxiety, there might be flaws or abnormalities in the functionality of the dopamine stream from the mesocortical pathway to the dorsolateral frontal cortex.A lower level of dopamine in that pathway can result in feelings of apathy or lethargy, as well as the lack of willpower.This is so due to the hypoactive stimuli of the prefrontal cortex. Because of that, D1 receptors don’t receive enough stimulation, which is also why people with low dopamine levels can suffer from the aforementioned symptoms and other problems in cognitive processes.In other words, when the prefrontal cortex doesn’t receive enough dopamine, many other parts of the brain subordinate to it won’t be notified on the potential rewarding experience we’re about to have. When they don’t receive that information, they canâ €™t develop the feelings of exhilaration and excitement prior to the forthcoming reward.As a result, such people can look and feel isolated and depressed, simply because they have low dopamine levels and their brain cannot reach that pre-rewarding state.THE ROLE OF NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS  Situated in the basal forebrain and part of the basal ganglia, the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is the key feature of the ventral striatum. The main parts of the nucleus accumbens are the core and the shell. Both of them are important in the full functionality of this part of the brain.The most important role of this brain element is its involvement in the reward process. To be more precise, this part is the end point of the reward circuit that starts in the VTA.When we’re about to do something that our brain recognizes as pleasant, we’re going to experience a feeling of reward and pleasure.In such a situation, the VTA generates dopamine hormones and other substances so as to announce that there’s goin g to be a reward. Those hormones are then sent to the nucleus accumbens. The end result of this process is that the level of dopamine in the NAc increases.This part is also a vital output unit for the nervous system. In a nutshell, neurons from the nucleus accumbens travel to the basal ganglia and the ventral pallidum (VP). The latter emits neurons that go to the dorsal thalamus, where this pathway diverges to the striatum and the prefrontal cortex.Scientists used to believe that the NAc had an important role in the reward-mediating process. Because of that, it was often connected with various addictions and their development.Nevertheless, in-depth analyses about the connection between the nucleus and rewards led to the conclusion that dopamine doesn’t only increase prior to a reward, but it also reacts to negative stimuli.For instance, if your brain memorized an unpleasant taste, when it gets stimulated by that very taste again, it dopamine levels will rise, as a warning. Without the nucleus accumbens, it wouldn’t be possible.You can find out more about the entire reward pathway and its components in the video below. THE ROLE OF VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA  One of the most important parts of the entire reward system, the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is situated in the midbrain, close to the substantia nigra.The source of many different sorts of neurons, the VTA is most important for its role in the production of dopaminergic neurons. These transmitters are sent from the VTA to different parts of the brain.Due to the character of the chemicals it produces and sends around the brain, the VTA has an important function in establishing a particular type of behavior.The reason why this part is usually mentioned with the substantia nigra is the fact that these two elements are two key dopaminergic parts of the brain.And while the substantia nigra is closely related to the putamen and the caudate â€" the two parts of the striatum â€" the VTA is the source of the mesoc ortical and mesolimbic pathways. The former ends in the cortical parts, while the latter finished in limbic regions of the brain.The aforementioned increase of dopamine in the NAc when the brain is stimulated either by affirmative or aversive stimuli has its roots in the VTA.Namely, the release of dopamine and its projection through the mesolimbic pathway are both triggered by the neurons placed in the VTA.All this leads to the conclusion that the VTA is an integral part of the entire rewarding system. Because of that, some experts consider this part of the brain an important element in the addiction-developing process.Apart from addiction, the VTA is often cited as an important factor in understanding and treading other cognitive disorders, among which schizophrenia is the most prominent one.This is mainly so due to the fact that this disorder is connected with high dopamine levels.Since dopamine production is activated by dopaminergic neurons in the VTA, there’s a correlation be tween schizophrenia and this part.On the other hand, low dopamine levels can lead to ADHD (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder).Since the VTA has a huge role in dopaminergic projections, which affect numerous cognitive processes in our brain, the VTA is included in both regular and abnormal mental processes.To cut a long story short, when the VTA doesn’t function properly, the entire brain will have difficulties in maintaining all the functions necessary for normal life.THE LACK OF DOPAMINE â€" ISSUES  We’ve already discussed the most frequent disorders connected with either the lack or excess of dopamine, such as apathy or schizophrenia.However, these aren’t the only issues that can come as a result of unbalanced dopamine levels. Since most problems occur when dopamine is low, here are some symptoms that your dopamine levels might not be on a satisfied level.Your dopamine levels might be low if you feel frequent tremors or cramps in your extremities, as well as stiff mus cles. What’s more, these symptoms are often indicators of Parkinson’s disease.That’s why they require special attention and testing so that you start with the right therapy as soon as possible.Further, people suffering from dopamine deficiency could suffer from constipation, the loss of appetite or fatigue.All these symptoms can occur as the result of low dopamine. Simply put, when the pleasure centers in your brain don’t feel that the reward is coming, in form of a pleasant taste or smell, the centers that control your appetite and the digestive system won’t be inspired to eat at all.Similarly, if you feel chronic exhaustion and low libido, your dopamine levels might not be as high as necessary for normal everyday life.This connection is similar to the relationship between dopamine and food â€" if the pleasure centers aren’t notified that there’s going to be a reward for something you’d initially like to do, there won’t be any chemical support for the action in qu estion.Closely related to these symptoms is the lack of self-esteem and motivation to do things in your life. It’s important to know that motivation isn’t only a psychological element, but it’s deeply rooted in the chemical processes in our brain.Dopamine is one of the major substances of the entire motivation system, which is why low dopamine levels will lead to weak motivation. If there is no chemical announcement that the reward is coming, you won’t be motivated to do what you’re planning.Increase dopamine levels naturallyIf you’re feeling any of the aforementioned symptoms, you should visit a doctor and check your dopamine.Depending on their policy, they’ll either prescribe some dopamine supplements or recommend how to increase dopamine levels naturally.For starters, you should change your diet. Instead of saturated fats and sugars, try to take in higher amounts of protein and fiber. They contain amino acids that will help your body produce more dopamine.Tyrosine i s one of the most important amino acids for the production of this neurotransmitter. Beef, turkey, soy, eggs, dairy products, and legumes are all rich in this amino acid, so include these ingredients to your menu.Moreover, include probiotics in your daily routine. The brain and the stomach are closely related, which is the gut plays a major role in many chemical processes that affect the brain.In the study “The Gut Microbiome and the Brain” conducted by Leo Galland, MD, the founder of Functional medicine, claims that some bacteria in the gut enhance increasing dopamine levels in the brain.It’s also important to work out regularly in order to increase dopamine. Moving is one of the primary abilities that people have, which is why at least 20 minutes of physical exercise daily improves numerous physical and physiological functions.Since continuous workout increases endorphin levels, it also improves your mood. When you’re in a good mood, your motivation is already higher. In t urn, dopamine rises, as well, resulting in the better balance of this neurotransmitter.When you’re physically active, you’ll get more sleep, which is also a prerequisite for increasing dopamine levels.Last, but not the least, you can listen to some inspiring music that you like or binaural beats.The latter can improve the overall state of your mind, including the levels of transmitters.You can listen to some binaural beats in the video below. CONCLUSIONDopamine is one of the most important chemical elements of our brain. If it’s too low, we don’t feel enough motivation for many things that make the quality of life. In the case of high dopamine levels, we can develop some disorders that will cause too intensive behaviors.What you can do to enhance the functionality of the nucleus accumbens and the ventral tegmental area and the overall levels of dopamine is eat well, get regular sleep, and work out regularly.If your dopamine balance is severely damaged, you should go and see the doctor who will help you regain the balance.Only normal dopamine levels will notify the brain to send reward signals to the pleasure centers and keep us functional and well-prepared for everyday life.

Top Summer Creative Writing Programs for High Schoolers

Find Online Business and Management Degree Programs 2019

An online degree from an accredited business school in business or management can offer you multiple opportunities all over the world. The majority of people who are using online programs today are doing so in order to move  up the career ladder  so they have a greater opportunity  to qualify for management roles. A  well rounded business education or management training can work for you in a remarkable number of career areas. Business managers are extremely important in a business economy because they perform a broad range of duties in  nearly every sector of the economy. No company could survive without the management staff that allows so many organizations to operate as efficiently as they do.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Such staff includes, administration, payroll, conference planning and scheduling, distribution, telecommunications and information management. Getting a  management degree online via a distance education program can provide you with the skills to perform in any of these environments. Bachelors degrees available through online business schools  offer specialization in areas such as IT, healthcare, accounting, finance, communication, e-business and many others. Online programs are designed for working professionals and train you  to handle various levels of responsibility and authority. These business schools are meant to strongly develop your career goals and can provide the business training you need in far less time than you might have anticipated. .u8fda3a4bb564485f5228adafd6ec8e8d { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u8fda3a4bb564485f5228adafd6ec8e8d:active, .u8fda3a4bb564485f5228adafd6ec8e8d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u8fda3a4bb564485f5228adafd6ec8e8d { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u8fda3a4bb564485f5228adafd6ec8e8d .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u8fda3a4bb564485f5228adafd6ec8e8d .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u8fda3a4bb564485f5228adafd6ec8e8d:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Associate Degree in Criminal Justice Boost Earning Potential and Streamline into the Criminal Justice WorkforceThere are different types of management roles that you can choose to focus on in the online programs. 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Advanced system analysis Free Essays

Many questions have been asked regarding what exactly systems engineering is and what the roles of systems engineers are. The questions mainly asked are if systems engineers perform general works or whether they specialize in specific tasks. The question of whether system engineering is the overall process of managing a project or a life cycle of roles such as program verification and validation. We will write a custom essay sample on Advanced system analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is even worth to either define the system engineering process as an attitude or a discipline. This research will entirely look at the many definitions of systems engineering and the roles that are played by the system engineers. The research will mention eleven roles that are executed by system engineers and some of these roles will be described as life cycle rules while others will be described as project management roles and others will fall on either group. The paper will also try to distinguish the roles played by system engineers from those played by subsystem engineers. The Role of a System Engineer at the System level Many companies have system engineering departments and the department’s main role is to check the product delivered to the customers. Engineers who work on the subsystems (elements that combine to form the whole system) are not always referred as system engineers but are referred with names according to the subsystem they work on; for example a software engineer will work on developing the software subsystem of the whole system, a Hardware engineer deals with the hardware subsystem of the whole system. Requirements owner role This role requires the system engineer to translate the customer needs into a set of well structured requirements which aid in the development of the whole system and the subsystems. The requirements should capture the external interfaces and ensure that the functional architecture of the needs is captured as well (Roger1985). The role of the subsystem engineer at this point is to assess the impact of the requirements to the system as a whole and its subsystem and decide which requirements should be modified. Subsystem specifications creation and maintenance is the other role that is handled by the subsystem engineer with various factors playing a major role in the formality of determining the requirements required. The factors include the degree of the customer needs, the company’s culture and the size of the project. Large projects mainly involve intense communications processes with formal processes (Roger 1985). System designing role At this role the system engineer will create the high level system architecture and then select the its major components. The system designer (Subsystem engineer) then investigates the possible ways of developing the system from pieces he possesses. He then compares those ways with the system requirements to ensure that the system’s functionality captures all the requirements stated in the previous stage. The system designer fine tunes the design and also describes in detail the needs of the other lower subsystems. And finally he confirms if the subsystems can meet the specifications available or if it is possible to develop them. Mainly the role of system engineers at this stage will be to focus on the architecture, high level design, integration and verification of the subsystem. The lower level development of the subsystem will be the role of the system designer (Matty1997). The system design role comes after the requirement engineer has come up with the requirements and the functional structure. The two tasks work together in the selection of the subsystems and the explanation of the subsystem requirements. System analysis role   System analysts (subsystem engineers) at this stage try to confirm if the system designed meets the system requirements stated. The things to be analyzed will be system throughput and output, memory usage, and the system response. The work of the system engineer is to model the complex parts of the system to investigate if they are able to work well and interface them with the outside world. Modeling will also assist the system engineers to understand the operations of the system. The system engineers carry out such modeling with various powerful simulation tools. The type of project will determine the extent of analysis to be carried out with complex and risky projects requiring higher levels of analysis. Validation and verification role So as to ensure that the developed system meets the stated requirements, validation and verification engineers develop a verification program and sometimes the system engineers also come up with the test plans and procedures and determine what’s supposed to happen during an event. Verification and validation engineers are responsible for answering such questions and should also be able to predict behaviour of the events in advance. Verification and Validation engineers are also able to fully understand the system design so that they are able to respond to any anomalies that may occur and incases of emergencies are aware of the experts to call (Fisher1992). The role of the verifications and validations depends on the organizational structure; in some organizations a system test group performs these roles while in others the roles are performed by both a group of system engineers and the system test group. Logistics and Operations (LO) Role. System engineers at this face will demonstrate to the customer of how the system will operate. They are also asked questions by the customers regarding the operation of the system, and will also settle any anomalies that will arise. Logistics engineers are to aid the design and development stage by bringing maintenance and logistics concerns to these stages (Roger1985). On the other hand logistics and operations engineers who at this stage are the subsystem engineers will be responsible for determining the logical operations of the system so as to ascertain if the system will satisfy the requirements that were stated. They are supposed to understand the design and the operational aspects of the system and have clues on the instructions to be given to users on how to operate the system. All these operations are entrusted to the Logistics and operations engineers since they are responsible for developing a user’s manual (Webster 1994). How to cite Advanced system analysis, Papers

Ethics and Starbucks free essay sample

Introduction Marketing ethics refers to the moral principles concerning acceptable and unacceptable behavior related to the operation of marketing by business people (Barron’s Educational Series, 2007). In order to obtain higher profit, some of the companies may violate business ethical values. Background Mattel founded in 1945 is one of the largest toy companies in the world (Fortune, 2008). Although Mattel is a major toy company, there are many unethical issues found. Firstly, Mattel`s products contained lead paint and tiny magnets that could be swallowed (Mauro, 2007). Secondly, Mattel recalled toys frequently as there were five recalls in less than a year (Mattel. com, 2010). Thirdly, the packaging of Mattel`s product contributed to rainforest destruction (Jakarta, 2011). According to the American Marketing Association (AMA), these activities are unethical and violate 3 ethical values including responsibility, honesty and citizenship. Responsibility For responsibility, Mattel failed to accept the consequences of our marketing decision and strategies. Mattel did not recognize their special commitments to vulnerable market segments such as children who may be disadvantaged. First of all, on August 14 2007, Mattel`s product, the ‘Sarge’ cars, was discovered with lead paint and tiny magnets which are harmful and dangerous to children. Although the product was recalled, some of the products which are claimed passed still contain lead paint. However, Mattel minimized the impact of the use of lead paint. In fact, lead is toxic if ingested by children and there is no safe level of lead in them according to Dr. John Rosen, a lead poisoning specialist (Consumer news, 2007). Although the dangers of lead poisoning are hidden and unobservable, Mattel should take the responsibility instead of doing nothing to prevent the dangers . This violates the ethical value of responsibility because Mattel failed to recognize their special commitments to their customers. Honesty For honesty, Mattel failed to forthright in dealings with customers and stakeholders. Mattel promises that their priority is the safety of the children who play with their toys (URLwire, 2007). However, there were four recalls in six months in 2007, but Mattel did not draw a lesson. In 2010, Mattel toys had been recalled for five times. One of the products called Trikes and Tough Trikes toddler tricycles led to 10 serious injuries before the product was recalled. In order to meet their promise and ensure the safety of children, Mattel should check the quality of their products carefully before they are sold. In these cases, Mattel did not have an adequate quality control in the manufacturing process. Being the largest toy company in the world based on the revenue, Mattel should not recall the defected products only if the injuries happen. As a result, Mattel did not honor their promise to place children safety at the first place. This violates the ethical value of honesty according to AMA. Citizenship In terms of citizenship, Mattel failed to fulfill the economic, legal, philanthropic and societal responsibilities that serve stakeholders. Greenpeace evidenced that Barbie doll packaging come from Indonesian rainforests. Mattel did not protect the ecological environment in the execution of marketing campaigns. Mattel was using products from Asia Pulp and Paper (APP), a pulp and paper company notorious for destroying Indonesian rainforests, leading to the extinction of Sumatran Tiger (Greenpeace, 2011). The product of Mattel, Barbie, was wrapped up in rainforest destruction which destroys the ecological environment and pushes critically endangered wildlife towards extinction. Although Mattel adopted a new packaging policy after the blame from the public, they still did a lot of damages to the environment. According to ! 1 AMA, this practice is unethical because Mattel failed to fulfill the societal responsibility to serve the public and violates citizenship. Conclusion To sum up, consumers lose confident to Mattel`s products because of the mentioned unethical activities. As the world largest toy company, Mattel should not only focus on their sales, but also be more responsible for the environment. Although it is impossible to guarantee zero defected products, Mattel should pay more afford on the quality control to make sure the safety of children. In other words, Mattel should balance the profitability and ethic to achieve her international position. ! Reference Dictionary of Business Terms, Barrons Educational Series (2007), retrieved October 11, 2011 from http://www. allbusiness. com/glossaries/business-ethics/4962856-1. html ! Fortune 500 List (2008) . Fortune, May 5, 2008, Retrieved October 8, 2011. http://money. cnn. com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2008/snapshots/272. html ! Jakarta, R. ( June 09, 2011), Greenpeace accuses Barbie of destroying rainforests, Retrieved October 10, 2011 from http://www. taipeitimes. com/News/front/archives/2011/06/09/2003505320 ! Kenyon, L. (October 5, 2011) Victory: Mattel and Barbie Drop Deforestation, Retrieved October 10, 2011 from http://www. greenpeace. org/usa/en/news-and-blogs/campaign-blog/victory-mattel-and-barbiedrop-deforestation/blog/37182/ ! Mattel (2010) . Mattel`s recall, Retrieved October 12, 2011 from http://service. mattel. com/us/recall. asp ! Mauro, T. (August 14, 2007), More Bad News from Mattel, Retrieved October 10, 2011 from http://specialchildren. about. com/b/2007/08/14/more-bad-news-from-mattel. htm ! MSNbc. com (2007, August14), Mattel issues new massive China toy recall, Retrieved October 11, 2011 from http://www. msnbc. msn. com/id/20254745/#. Tp8KWN7peGI ! URLwire (September27, 2007) ,Mattel. com Offers Detailed Toy Recall Website, Retrieved October 13, 2011 from http://www. urlwire. com/news/092707. html? !2 ! Sample 2 – Middle Score Corporations’ marketing activities are important information channels for consumers to evaluate the products. Companies that utilize marketing activities to mislead consumers are regarded as unethical by the American Marketing Association. By examining iPhone 4’s marketing strategies, Apple Inc. has been found to violate several ethical standards. ! Apple Inc. is a corporation that designs personal computers and computer software (Apple 2010). In recent years, the company has launched the iPhone series that instantly captivated the consumers (Dalrymple 2010). In contrast, the new iPhone 4 is not positively received by market consumers due to Apple’s unethical marketing strategies. These unethical marketing activities have generated controversies amongst market consumers whether the new gadget should be preferred over other smart phones. ! An apparent violation of the AMA’s statement of ethics is honesty. It is best demonstrated by the promotion of iPhone 4. The newly launched iPhone 4 have been reported by their users with a problem in reception quality. iPhone 4 has its antenna exposed on the outer rim of the phone which makes it more susceptible to interference. The report by Burrows and Guglielmo (2010) has documented Steve Jobs, the CEO of Apple, is well aware of the flaw in the design. However, official recognition of the problem only came after significant users have reported iPhone 4’s call quality issue. In this manner, Apple has deceived market consumers into buying iPhone 4. ! Another ethical value that has been undermined by Apple is transparency. The underlying principle of transparency is to take responsible actions in regards to product risks that could affect customers’ evaluation of the product (AMA 2010). Although German and Ogg (2010) state the use of a free bumper case is able to eliminate the call quality issue, Apple’s responses to the crisis is unacceptable. It had tried to minimize its responsibilities in this incident by explicitly saying that other brands also have the antenna issue (Michaluk 2010). It had told customers to hold the iPhone differently in order to avoid the signal drop (Rothman 2010). The denial of responsibilities cannot demonstrate the company to have satisfied transparency in its marketing activities. ! Lastly, Apple has breached citizenship in accordance with the AMA ethical standard. A stress made in citizenship is to â€Å"ensure that trade is fair for all participants, including producers in developing countries† (AMA 2010). Recent incidents in the Foxconn’s factories have exposed Apple’s inability to uphold fairness while dealing with its manufacturer. Seventeen suicides have been attempted by Foxconn workers this year which raise suspicions about the working conditions inside the factories (Tam 2010). Although Foxconn is responsible for the harsh working conditions inside the factories, Apple has aided in the exploitation of labours in China by loosely overseeing its producer. In conclusion, Apple has seriously infringed several ethical standards that are set forth by the American Marketing Association. The company has violated the honesty principle by hiding the flaw in the antenna design and denies the mistake made by the engineering team. It has failed to uphold transparency by denial of responsibilities. Apple has breached citizenship by allowing Foxconn’s exploitation of labours in China. ! The overall failure to defend the marketing ethics has left several black spots on the company’s profile. Apple will need to amend the damages done to its reputation in order to regain consumers’ faith. It should admit the mistakes made in the designing stage and take up the responsibilities by recalling the products for reconfigurations. The company should also exert tighter control over its supply chain to ensure fairness is ! 3 met. Only with such reparations can Apple restore its reputation in the subsequent products sales.

History of the Cellular Technology

Free Essays on Ecclesiastes

In examining the nature of our society one cannot define its ways as purely white or pitifully black. Our environment metaphorically resembles in our Earth’s daily functions through the two complete opposites of day and night. Nature simply suggests to us that indeed our world and our people know no terminal ends, but only a world fulfilled with live, color and reality. Through this bright shade the quotation from the first chapter of Ecclesiastes holds little truth. On the other hand we do not willfully strive to learn, but to simply satisfy our basic impulses. The â€Å"Id† and â€Å"Ego† of human nature reveal earthlings as simple and lacking much wisdom. From this angle, the quote does resemble a universal truth. But after considering human intellect and how it has influenced our world’s progress the converse of the Bible’s message gathers as much if not more truth. From one outlook, we can conclude that human nature is all too simple; we long to satisfy ourselves in the easiest way we are able to. Naturally we have no desire to acquire knowledge, yet from birth we are thought that education is vital part of our lives. Just by taking a look at an infants innocent, satisfactory and worry-free life, it is evident that knowledge is not a necessarily a key ingredient for happiness. Over time as that toddler increases his knowledge of the world around him, his satisfaction with it drastically decreases. The relationship between knowledge and happiness can be described as inversely proportional. As one gains knowledge, their simplistic satisfaction with life decreases. In exploring our lives in such artlessness, the quote, â€Å"..wisdom is much grief..† proves true. Unfortunately the truth of our existence is not so simple and innocent. As we continue to discover the way our world works, we will continue to gain â€Å"unwanted† k nowledge. In ancient times everything was very primitive. Humans followed not textbooks but natural ... Free Essays on Ecclesiastes Free Essays on Ecclesiastes In examining the nature of our society one cannot define its ways as purely white or pitifully black. Our environment metaphorically resembles in our Earth’s daily functions through the two complete opposites of day and night. Nature simply suggests to us that indeed our world and our people know no terminal ends, but only a world fulfilled with live, color and reality. Through this bright shade the quotation from the first chapter of Ecclesiastes holds little truth. On the other hand we do not willfully strive to learn, but to simply satisfy our basic impulses. The â€Å"Id† and â€Å"Ego† of human nature reveal earthlings as simple and lacking much wisdom. From this angle, the quote does resemble a universal truth. But after considering human intellect and how it has influenced our world’s progress the converse of the Bible’s message gathers as much if not more truth. From one outlook, we can conclude that human nature is all too simple; we long to satisfy ourselves in the easiest way we are able to. Naturally we have no desire to acquire knowledge, yet from birth we are thought that education is vital part of our lives. Just by taking a look at an infants innocent, satisfactory and worry-free life, it is evident that knowledge is not a necessarily a key ingredient for happiness. Over time as that toddler increases his knowledge of the world around him, his satisfaction with it drastically decreases. The relationship between knowledge and happiness can be described as inversely proportional. As one gains knowledge, their simplistic satisfaction with life decreases. In exploring our lives in such artlessness, the quote, â€Å"..wisdom is much grief..† proves true. Unfortunately the truth of our existence is not so simple and innocent. As we continue to discover the way our world works, we will continue to gain â€Å"unwanted† k nowledge. In ancient times everything was very primitive. Humans followed not textbooks but natural ...

Www.cdc.gov Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Www.cdc.gov - Research Paper Example At the main page you can find the news of the organization and several links with bright pictures which would transfer you to some interesting articles on the topic of health and its protection. A little bit lower on the page you can see rubrics in which people can find some information about some brand new viruses and bugs and the places where they are prevailing nowadays. The content of the main page and its disposing are very important, because people’s interest depends on them, and the website’s content was made perfectly and definitely makes you interested in it. Maybe the point is that anyway people are concerned about their health and usually information about its protection is interesting and informative that’s why the website is catching. The links which would bring you further into the website’s content are situated on the top of the main page and their names cover the most fundamental points a viewer would be interested in when he enters the sit e to get to know something about health and disease prevention. This leads us to the point that the main page was arranged brightly and catching to get people’s interest in what they can find on the website next, after a fast view of the main page. It is very important to make the following note about the content arrangement: there is no information which would be perceived as unnecessary or out of the topic. The names of the website’s items are clear and describe the specific aspects of the topic that might be interesting for visitors. The website’s visuals are pretty simple and understandable. You can see the organization’s logo on the top of every single page you open, so you never forget which site you’re visiting. The main points of every page are written shortly in bullet-points way, so you can just click on the item that is interesting for you to see more about it. Also, the website creators have succeeded in

Law coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law coursework - Essay Example Resulting from this unique position of power, directors are legally considered to stand in a fiduciary relationship with their company, and are subject to specific duties stemming from that relationship (Regal (Hastings) Ltd v Guliver (1967). Where an employee or director of a company (1) takes advantage of business opportunities made known to them during the course of their relationship and diverted such opportunities to themselves, (1) receives bribes from suppliers, and/or (3) engages in unlawful competitive activity, the employee or director will not be permitted to retain that benefit, as the law treats money or corporate opportunities as belonging to the principal company. In addition to this, if the person owing the fiduciary duty earns further profits from a breach of fiduciary duties, those profits also belong to the principal. Principals are in some circumstances entitled to trace the property received through to third parties. Moreover, even if the person has spent the mon ey or disposed of the assets in question, a fiduciary remains personally liable for the monetary equivalent of the benefit received (Gillhams). Over the time, the courts have construed company directors' fiduciary duties as being duties to: act in good faith and for proper purpose; a) avoid conflicts of interest; b) retain directors' discretion; and c) act with due care and skill; Directors also owe a duty of care to their company under the common law of negligence. In addition to these general law duties, directors owe statutory duties under the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth), (Stephens) such as duty to act in good faith in the best interest of the company and duty to prevent insolvent trading by company (Ibid). The Companies Act of 2006 provides seven general duties in the new statutory statement as follows: a)?A duty to act in accordance with the company’s constitution, and to use powers only for the purposes for which they were conferred. This replaces existing, similar duti es. b) a duty to promote the success of the company for the benefit of its members. This replaces the common law duty to act in good faith in the company’s interests. c) A duty to exercise independent judgment. There is no exactly equivalent duty at common law. However, directors are currently under an obligation not to fetter their discretion to act or to take decisions – this aspect of the general duty replaces this obligation. d). A duty to exercise reasonable care, skill and diligence. This replaces the existing duty of care and skill. e). A duty to avoid conflicts of interest (except where they arise out of a proposed transaction or arrangement with the company – see below). At present, if a director allows his personal interests, or his duties to another person, to conflict with his duty to the company then, unless shareholders consent to the conflict: (i) the company can avoid any relevant contract and (ii) he must account to the company for any ‘se cret profit’ he has made out of the arrangement. The new duty replaces this old rule. f)?A duty not to accept benefits from third parties. There is no express duty to this effect at common law. It appears to derive from the current duties (Freshfields 4). A director must not exploit his office for personal gain at the expense of the corporation and its stockholders, to whom he owes the utmost good faith (Babb and Martin 321).

Social Inclusion Via Social Skills Training Nursing Essay

Social Inclusion Via Social Skills Training Nursing Essay My patient was 59 year old lady suffering from schizophrenia since 25 years. According to patient she had a happy married life in London, her husband died and she was brought to Pakistan due to her abnormal behavior and her son was also separated from her. Medical file reveals that after her husbands death she had behavioral changes for which she was consulted to psychiatrist and diagnosed with schizophrenia. She was forcefully brought to Karwan-e-Hayat 3 years back due to violent behavior. Since then she is there, presently she is experiencing social isolation as she stayed in her room most of the time, refuses to participate is day care activities and verbalizes that I like to be alone, dont want to meet anyone I have nobody to share my feelings, people here cant help me, everybody think I am mad. I observed her hesitation with people around her weather they are patients, staff or doctors. However one typical observation was that when I forced her to participate in activity she ref uses twice but third time she participated by silently doing the task and went quietly. I noticed that she was facing difficulty in understanding but she didnt ask for any clarification and continued. Reflecting upon the scenario I was motivated to work on something that can help to manage her social isolation. Reviewing through literature I came across concept of social inclusion of patient via social skills training in patient with Schizophrenia. As we know that human is social animal and social interactions are crucial for regulating a successful functioning in the society. According to Mental Health Coordinating Council, MHCC (2007) .Social inclusion is about ability to engage in all aspects of a society that genuinely includes people living with mental illness that supports, intervenes without stigmatization. Further Ware, N.C et.al. (2008) Define it a process through which individuals with psychiatric disabilities develop an increasingly exercise capacities for interpersonal connectedness and citizenship. Social inclusion is essential in schizophrenia as due to cognitive deficits individual social and vocational abilities and hinders routine functionality of a person and make person uncomfortable in social situation. (Dickinson, D.et al.2007). To promote social inclusion in patient I choose social skills training (SST) as it is utilized as a tool to engage patient in routine life and feel as a part of society. SST consists of learning activities utilizing behavioral techniques that enable persons with schizophrenia and other disabling mental disorders to acquire interpersonal and independent living skills for improved functioning in their communities. (Kopelowicz, A. et al, 2006). Reason for selecting it for my patient is that her cognitive deficits have lead to social isolation that makes her uncomfortable in social situations. I have observed her uncomfort while talking with others, hesitating in marinating eye contact and also unable to share her emotions so SST will sever as a basic step in promoting socialization and also help her to feel confident. In Pakistan vast numbers of people are suffering from mild to moderate psychiatric illnesses and an estimated number of mentally disturbed people in Pakistan are even higher (Punjab Institute of Mental Health, PIMH 2009). Only few researches have been conducted on this issue due to low research priority, negative perception about mental illness and low priority of mental health training in the country. One of the study done on psychologists experience of cognitive behavior therapy in Pakistan suggests that despite significant number of psychologists in Pakistan yet psychological interventions play only a minor role in treatment plans in Pakistan. In addition psychotherapies need adjustments for use in Pakistan; they shared four major issues that are hurdles in therapy, its related issues, involvement of the family and modification in therapy service and resource issues. (Naeem et al.2010).However Department of Health Promotion Punjab(2009) is primarily concern to initiate appropriate mental health promotion strategies. They have developed manual to be used for the capacity building of health care providers thus bridging a gap between health care delivery system. They have integrated provision of supportive environment and development of personal skills in component of mental health promotion. They have also planned to facilitate social settings which enhance social network for mentally ill patients. Furthermore their approach towards mental health promotion represents social inclusion, participation, strengthening individuals, communities society to increase social support for sufferers. One of their goals is to encourage people with mental disorders to participate in normal life with their families and friends once treated and stable ,they also provide specialized training to doctors in the field of psychiatry especially for counseling and rehabilitation techniques as this is a weak element in our context .(PIMH 2009).Fortunately it seems that Pakistan has in itiated a step towards mental health promotion which is an achievement and its our responsibility to take this step ahead toward accomplishing goals. Social inclusion is necessary for mental health promotion and for the recovery from mental illness. A social connection is the key for including person in society which includes engaging person with its environment. In relation to my patient as she is an elderly woman, along with her disease process there are other factors that have contributed to social isolation for example: her early widowhood, separation from son due to her psychiatric illness, suspiciousness towards her family members all has lost her social role in her family. (CITRA 2007).Many studies have concluded that social inclusion in older people serve as a protective factor to overcome social isolation. These factors are defined as connection with friends, family members; neighbors children and community (Warburton.J, Lui.C.W.2007). Research done on preventing social isolation among older people suggests that and social activity and group interventions can alleviate social isolation among older people. Researchers agre e that a meaningful social network is a strong support against social isolation in later life. (Cattan.M, et al,2005).For my patient family support is difficult to establish as her son is abroad and she is suspicious to others due to her disease process, presently her community participation can be enhanced for her social inclusion. Here comes the role of SST, In my patient learning social skills will help her to achieve her own personal goals and enhance her communication of feelings and needs and improve the quality her relationships with others which she think is not good. An effective SST program is based on certain principles that include guidance, demonstration, practice and feedback. The amount of time needed to complete a SST program depends on patients performance (Stuart,G.W. 2009).Recent advance in SST by A. Kopelowicz et al. (2006) highlighted that in over 2000 patients with schizophrenia, there was a considerable association between characteristic that reflected social competence, good psychosocial functioning and having confidants as well as subjective reports of high levels of life satisfaction. Moreover research by Dickinson, D.et al. (2007) supports that competent use of social skills by people with schizophrenia is extensively related to actual role functioning in the community. In fact patient s with good social skills, as measured by the MASC (Maryland Assessment of Social Competence.), were more likely than others to have been competitively in employment. Which means that patients can prove themselves if they are well treated on time. According to A. Kopelowicz et al.(2006) The components of the SST procedure are derived from basic principles of human learning, I incorporated social learning theory(Bandura,1989) in relation to my patient scenario, as according to social learning theorist internal cognitive processes influence behavior ,as well as observation of the behaviors of others and the environment in which behavior occur Similarly it outlines three requirements for people to learn behavior include retention, reproduction and motivation to adopt the behavior. All these interactions help person to modify their behavior. (Smith, E. E, et al,2003).Considering my patient, this learning model will help her in learning and modifying her behavior in front of others and m ake her feel comfortable and confident to react in a particular situation. Ultimately this will boost her interaction with others comfortably and her antisocial behavior will be changed. Strategies to promote social inclusion via SST are multidimensional. It varies from individual to group, community and institutional level. At individual level interventions focuses pertinent needs of an individual, successful individual interventions progress to group therapy. At community level, psychological needs of the person should be recognized in adopting social skills by engaging family and creating supportive environment for patient in surroundings. According to A. Kopelowicz et al. (2006) the community-based interactions help them adjust their behaviors to their unique environments and practice and implement the skills that they have tailored. At government or institutional level, awareness session should be held for the provision of knowledge to people and should train personnel, to implement SST as a health promoting practice, for psychiatric patient to promote social inclusion and participation by them, in this way mental illness will not be stigmatized and together we can help theses patient. (MHCC 2007). I have incorporated Learning-Based Procedures Used in Social Skills Training (A. Kopelowicz et al.2006) within the nursing process which involve interventions from all levels. It focuses on needs identification, which was done thorough assessing patient by taking history, doing mental status examination followed by building trust relationship. Specific to socialization I asked patient to share her expectation from self and what changes would she like to make in her routine life? In which she highlighted that I want to be accepted by people. Then setting goals with specification of the social behavior was done by involving patient where patient would be able to participate in social gatherings on her willingness. It was accomplished to certain extend due to her short attention span. Planning was followed by interventions that includes helping her in promoting relationships wherever she can, taught her to begin and maintain conversation; by motivating her in initiating , help her to have voluntary interactions with others especially with her roommate and neighboring people by involving her in activity with others and take part in group. For this behavioral rehearsal approach was taken in which patient demonstrated skills that are needed for quality social interaction. In addition ongoing corrective feedback was given to modify the behavior like she was encouraged to sit throughout the session with other patients. Social modeling was done by observing behavior during OT activities and accordingly modified with the patient. Additionally positive reinforcement was given on improved social behaviors. Implementation process was integrated with social learning theory by considering patient ability to retain and focus on her attention span. I intervene gradually by monitoring patient ability to grab things, and by reinforcing positive behavior of patient. Reproducibility was assured and motivation was given on and off. Moreover, I first time saw patient laughing and involved with others during OT activity and her expression of I am enjoying this activity made me glad. Evaluation was based on asking question regarding her feelings of modified behaviors, Observed her ease in OT activities, able to express herself and less hesitated and maintain eye contact while talking.(A. Kopelowicz et al.2006) I always had a negative feeling towards mentally ill patient, while working with my patient I felt blessed because I was able to see her suffering. It was my prejudice that every person is capable to interact with others in the world with social skills and able to communicate in society .I had this understanding that mentally ill patient usually like to be socially isolated because they have their own world and will not be able to adjust themselves but now I understand that there are so many reasons to it. In fact before reading about SST I didnt know that it has profound benefit in promotion of mental health. This writing helped me to correct my attitude towards mental illness and enrich me with knowledge and importance of social inclusion in patients life. To summarize socialization is a lifetime process and it has great value in every aspects of life. Promoting social inclusion by helping patient to learn social skills will offer support, built confidence , enhance self-esteem in patients which eventually improve the quality of life, promote recovery and leads to successful functioning of individuals in society. As concluded by MHCC (2007) the social inclusion approach offers a valuable frame work to view both the individual and collective responsibility for good mental health. References: Cattan.M, White.M, Bond.J Learmouth.A (2005). Preventing social isolation and loneliness among older people: a systematic review of health promotion interventions. Ageing Society 25 pp 41-67. Cambridge University Press Cornell Institute for Translational Research on Aging (CITRA). (2007) Social Isolation: Strategies for Connecting and Engaging Older People. Dickinson.D,Bellack.A.S Gold,J.M.(2007).Social/Communication Skills, Cognition, and Vocational Functioning in Schizophrenia: Schizophrenia Bulletin 33( 5). Kopelowicz, A; Liberman,R. P; Zarate, R. (2006). Recent Advances in Social Skills Training for Schizophrenia.Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32(1), S12-S23. Merton,R Bateman,J, (2007). Social Inclusion: Its Importance to mental health. Mental Health Coordinating Council (MHCC). Naeem,F; Gobbi,M; Ayub,M; Kingdon,D.(2010).Psychologists experience of cognitive behavior therapy in a developing country: a qualitative study from Pakistan. International Journal of Mental Health Systems.4 (2) Norma C. Ware,N.C;Hopper,K; Tugenberg,T;Dickey,B; Fisher,D. (2008).A Theory of Social Integration as Quality of Life. Psychiatric Services (59) pp 27-33 Rana, N.A. (2009).Mental Health in Primary Care. Punjab Institute of Mental Health. (PIMH). Smith, E. E; Hoeksema, S.N; Fredrickson. B; Loftus,G.R. (2003).Atkinson Hilgards Introduction to Psychology (14th ed.).Thomson:Wadsworth. Stuart,G.W.(2009).Principles and practice of psychiatric nursing(9thed.).St.Louis:Mosby. Warburton.J, Lui.C.W.(2007).Social isolation and loneliness in older people: A literature review. Australasian Centre on Ageing

Art of the United States

Art of the United States Out of all the works of art with in the Art of the United States exhibit in the San Diego Museum of Art in Balboa Park, Shipwreck by Thomas Doughty really made an impression on me. It is a 25 x 30 ? in. oil on canvas. The reason this painting caught my eye is because it has two especially unusual qualities. First, Doughty rarely painted seascapes, and his paintings usually focused on the lyrical aspects of nature rather than the threatening ones. Shipwreck was composed in the artists studio from elements borrowed from different locations. The painting is symmetrical with trees blowing in harsh winds on either side. The swaying trees seem to barely be holding on to the rocks on which they stand. Ominous clouds lurk in the distance that augment terror that the crashing waves bring to the viewer. Just beyond the vanishing point of the ocean, a horizontal line of reddish yellow breaks up the dark color of the ocean and the clouds. The gentle blended lines seem to celebrate the wilderness of the United States during the eighteen hundreds. The curved lines strengthen the movement of the ocean and the clouds. The color scheme seems to be unified and the overall dullness and darkness of the painting intensify the violent and even theatrical depiction of a storm. There is a tiny figure that stands both at the center of the storm and at the center of the painting. I think the artist painting this painting because wants viewers to be able to identify with the miniature central lone figure. He stands alone and helpless; watching the ship break against the rock just offshore. It appears he is watching the figure immediately to his right struggling in the rampant surf. During the 1800’s shipwrecks were very common and many people could easily have identified with the tiny figure standing in the midst of the raging storm. The painting evokes both awe and fear in me. The rash of mother nature seems to be unstoppable.

Patient Rights Essay

Patient rights are also human rights. Every patient deserves to be treated respectfully and with every intention of helping patients improve their health. Due to past historical events, there was a need for the creation of two documents that give patients protection and rights when it comes to clinical experiments. These events were experiments that were conducted unethically and violated human rights. The names of these documents are: The Nuremberg Code and The Belmont Report. The first one that was created in the 1940’s was The Nuremberg Code which relates to the events that happened during the holocaust. Nazi physicians were responsible for performing malicious experiments on prisoners in the concentration camps. The Belmont Report was created later after the discovery of the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment. In this study, which was conducted from 1930-1972, African American men were deceived into thinking they were being treated for syphilis when they actually were not. Even after the discovery that penicillin was an effective treatment for this disease, many men were still left untreated and left to die unnecessarily. The â€Å"Doctors’ Trial† was one of the main trials conducted after World War II in Nuremberg, Germany. This was an international trial made up of judges from the United States, Britain, France, and the former Soviet Union. This trial involved 23 defendants, 20 of them being physicians, all accused of torturing and murdering prisoners in concentration camps with the use of medical experiments. Sixteen of the 23 defendants were found guilty and sentenced to death, life in prison, 25 years, fifteen years and ten years in prison. The remaining seven were acquitted. After conclusion of the trial, the judges felt a strong need for an additional way to protect human research subjects. This is when they created the ten research principles now known as The Nuremberg Code. As the Hippocratic ethics was great for physician-patient relationships, it did not fit so well with scientific research. Everything changes because the primary goal of the physician is no longer the patient, but instead the results of his or her experiment. The Nuremberg Code solves this conflict. The first and main principle of the Nuremberg Code makes the voluntary consent of human subjects absolutely essential. Experiments should not be random or unnecessary; they should be in search of beneficial results. It should be based on experimentation of animals and help prove positive effects are the result. Mental and physical suffering or injury should absolutely be avoided. No study shall be performed when there is a risk of death or severe injury involved. The potential risks should never exceed the potential benefits. Sufficient preparations must be made and acceptable facilities must be used in order to protect against injuries, disabilities, or death. Only qualified individuals may perform such studies and the highest possible skill and care shall be applied throughout the entire process. Subjects will always hold the power to end the experiment at any time they feel is necessary for their own well-being. And last of all the scientist in charge must end an experiment as soon as there might be any reason to believe that there is a possibility that continuation of the study could result in injury, disability, or death to any of the participating subjects. In Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment the Nuremberg Code was disregarded and still continued to be sponsored by the U. S. government. The reason for this may be because the code and principles were not regulated and could not be enforced by laws. In 1978 the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) published the Belmont Report. The Belmont Report is made up of three basic ethical principles which are: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. All persons asked to be in a study should have total autonomy and complete control of their decisions. For beneficence researcher should not only attempt to achieve maximum benefits for the subjects, but also minimize all risks. Justice states all people should be treated fairly and benefits and problems should be distributed fairly as well. These are now regulation guidelines and remain the main focus to protect humans as subjects. To this present day the Belmont Report continues to be used as a reference for institutional review boards (IRB) which ensure that human based research follow all ethical regulations and guidelines. Anytime experiments on humans are being conducted, ethical issues will always be involved. With the creation of these two documents it helps determine whether a clinical trial is ethical or not. First of all the experiment must have some kind of social or scientific value in which it may produce results that will benefit health and well-being or even increase knowledge on a certain subject. Only qualified scientists or physicians are allowed to perform such studies using methods and techniques that will produce reliable results. Subjects must be chosen fairly. The risks of the study must be minimized while the benefits maximized, or at the least benefits and risks should be proportionate. Informed consent means subjects will be informed on the purpose of the research, its risks, benefits, and alternatives. This helps to make informed decisions and also subject have the power to end the study at any time. Subjects will also be provided confidentiality, information on any new discoveries and results of the studies. These documents not only provide protection and safety for test subjects, but it also protects certain individuals from being participants in any studies. There are certain populations or groups of people that cannot be selected for studies for certain reasons. Adults are preferred subjects over children. Individuals must be competent in order to give informed consent, which would eliminate using mentally ill people as subjects for a study. Prisoners should also be excluded as test subjects as they are already in a forced position. There must be a certain criteria met in order to use any of these subjects in a research study. I find it to be a real shame that the Nuremberg Code was overlooked in many studies performed in the United States after its creation. It was not regulated and it was not against the law to not follow these codes of ethics on research. Although it took a series of unfortunate events to come up with the Belmont Report, it sure is nice to know there is protection now for human test subjects. The creation of Institutional Review Boards (IRB) to enforce that studies are being conducted under ethical guidelines and researchers are following these rules was essential in helping to improve the search for better health in this country. This will continue to guide our effort as well as change when other issues arise. The good thing is that I do not seeing it ever changing much more as all the most important ethical issues is covered by these documents when performing any research on human subjects.

Leadership Style And Leadership Theory - 807 Words

This paper explores five published empirical articles and report results from research conducted on traits, skills, and characters relationships to leadership and followers. The paper discusses the common themes and conclusions addressed in all studies. The articles penned with the intention of examining the impact leadership style and leadership theory in areas such as individual identity, culture, and worldview. Mahdi, Mohd, and Almsafir (2014) argue there is a significantly strong relationship between the leadership behavior and organizational commitment. Also, the paper synthesizes pool of knowledge on the empirical impact of leadership behaviors on follower’s perceptions. Various aspects of these variables questioned in these articles provide an extensive and extended comprehensive understanding of the factors that affect groups and employees in societies. First article: â€Å"Effects of Leader intelligence, personality and emotional intelligence on transformational leadership and managerial performance† by Cavazotte, F., Moreno, V., and Hickmann, M. (2012) share perspectives on emotional intelligence and leadership traits. Cavazotte et al. (2012) investigate impacts of personality traits and emotional intelligence on transformational leadership and performance of leaders in the context of the organization. The study reviewed and built upon the theory of both whole systems and complex systems, evaluating 134 middle-management teams from an enormous Brazilian Energy company.Show MoreRelatedLeadership Styles And Theories Of Leadership857 Words   |  4 Pagesproject shows that leadership is defined in many ways. Characteristics of a good leader are questionable. Leadership styles and theories, such as servant leadership, collective leadership, and dictatorship vastly differ but still share similar attributes. 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